NCTF 135 HA Near Egham, Surrey

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Geology of the Area

Soil Composition

The NCTF 135 HA is a rural area located near Egham, Surrey, England, which has undergone significant geological changes over millions of years. The geology of this region can be broadly classified into three main periods: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

During the Paleozoic era, approximately 450-250 million years ago, this area was part of a shallow sea that covered much of what is now England. The sedimentary rocks from this period, such as sandstones, conglomerates, and shale, are still visible in the area today. These rocks were formed from the erosion of ancient mountains and deposited in the sea.

The Mesozoic era, spanning from 250 to 65 million years ago, saw the formation of several distinct geological features in this region. During this time, volcanic activity increased, resulting in the creation of igneous rocks such as granite and basalt. These rocks are still visible in the area today and have had a significant impact on the local landscape.

The Cenozoic era, which began around 65 million years ago, has seen the formation of several distinct geological features in this region. The last ice age, which occurred from approximately 110,000 to 10,000 years ago, had a significant impact on the area. Glacial deposits, such as till and sand, are still visible today, with many glacial erratics, or rocks that have been transported and deposited by glaciers.

The geology of this region is also influenced by the chalk deposits from the Mesozoic era. Chalk is a type of sedimentary rock formed from the remains of microscopic marine plankton, known as coccolithophores. The chalk deposits in this area are some of the oldest and most extensive in the country.

The soil composition in the NCTF 135 HA area is complex and varied, reflecting the diverse geological history of the region. The underlying geology has created a range of soil types, including clay, silt, and sand.

Soil type is influenced by the parent material, which refers to the original material from which the soil forms. In this case, the soil in the NCTF 135 HA area may be composed of clay soils formed from glacial deposits or chalk soils formed from chalk rock.

The pH and nutrient levels of the soil are also influenced by the geological history of the region. For example, areas with high concentrations of iron-rich sedimentary rocks tend to have acidic soils, while areas with chalk deposits tend to have more alkaline soils.

Soil erosion is a significant concern in this area, particularly on slopes and hillsides where the soil may be unstable due to the underlying geology. This can lead to landslides, gullies, and other forms of soil erosion.

The NCTF 135 HA area is also home to a range of plant species, which are influenced by the local soil composition and geological history. The chalk soils in particular support a range of chalk grassland vegetation, including plants such as knapweed and ragwort.

Glacial Deposits

The NCTF 135 HA site near Egham, Surrey, falls within the area of influence of the last glacial maximum (LGM), which ended around 19,000 years ago.

During this period, massive ice sheets covered much of Europe and North America, causing extensive glaciation. As a result, large amounts of rock debris were scraped up by the advancing ice, transported to other regions as moraine, till, and drumlins.

In the Egham area, glacial deposits include a range of geological features formed from the interaction between the ice sheet and local bedrock.

The underlying geology is primarily composed of Cretaceous rocks, including chalk, clay, and sandstone.

During the last ice age, the Cretaceous rocks were eroded by glacial rivers, producing a variety of sedimentary deposits. These include fluvial gravels, sand, silt, and clay, which have been concentrated in specific areas through the process of glacial scouring.

The glacial deposits at NCTF 135 HA are primarily composed of Hertfordian and Ipswichian sands, deposited around 125,000 years ago during a period of warming climate known as the Eemian interglacial.

These sediments were formed from sand-sized particles that had been eroded from local bedrock and transported by glacial meltwater rivers. The sand is coarse-grained, with some samples reaching diameters of up to 10 mm.

The Ipswichian sands at NCTF 135 HA are characterized by a high proportion of feldspar-rich minerals, indicating that they were derived from local bedrock sources.

Glacial scouring and plucking also played an important role in shaping the landscape. The chalk rocks beneath the Ipswichian sands were subjected to intense erosion, resulting in a characteristic “scoured” surface.

The site’s glacial deposits have been affected by multiple phases of glacial activity during the last ice age, resulting in a complex sequence of sediments and geological features.

One notable feature at NCTF 135 HA is the presence of a till slope, which was formed when the ice sheet retreated and left behind a mixture of rock debris and soil. The till is composed primarily of sand-sized particles from local bedrock, with some larger boulders also present.

The site’s glacial deposits provide valuable information about the geological history of the area and can be used to reconstruct the movement and extent of ancient ice sheets.

Additionally, the presence of specific glacial landforms and sediments at NCTF 135 HA allows for the interpretation of past climatic conditions and the impact of glaciation on local ecosystems.

The combination of geological features and sediments at this site provides a unique window into the geological history of the region, offering insights into the complex interactions between climate, ice sheets, and local bedrock during the last ice age.

The NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey is situated in an area where glacial deposits are prevalent. According to a study by the University of Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences, the local geology is characterized by a mix of glacial till and fluvioglacial deposits (Charman, 2007). These deposits contain a variety of materials, including sand, silt, and clay, which have been transported and deposited by glaciers during the last ice age.

The NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey is situated in an area where glacial deposits are prevalent.

This region has been shaped by the last ice age, which had a significant impact on the local geology.

According to a study by the University of Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences, the local geology is characterized by a mix of glacial till and fluvioglacial deposits (Charman, 2007).

Some of the key features of these deposits include:

1. Glacial till is a mixture of rocks and soil that was transported by glaciers during the last ice age.

2. Fuvioglacial deposits are sediments that were deposited in rivers and streams as they flowed over or through the glacial terrain.

The glacial till and fluvioglacial deposits in this area contain a variety of materials, including:

– Sand: This is often coarse and angular, having been worn smooth by glaciers.

– Silt: This is finer than sand but still has a high concentration of clay particles, indicating its glacial origin.

– Clay: This is the finest material in these deposits, with a very low concentration of sand and silt-sized particles.

The presence of these materials in the local geology suggests that the area was shaped by glaciers during the last ice age.

This has resulted in a range of geological features, including:

• Moraines: ridges of glacial debris deposited at the edge of a glacier.

Overall, the geology of the NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey is characterized by a complex mix of glacial deposits and fluvioglacial sediments, providing a unique insight into the region’s geological history during the last ice age.

Bedrock Composition

The Geology of the Area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey is characterized by a complex sequence of geological formations, shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity and erosion.

At the surface, the area is underlain by a layer of Quaternary sediments, including glacial deposits, alluvium, and colluvium. These deposits are relatively young, dating back to the last ice age, and have been shaped by glacial and fluvial processes.

Beneath the Quaternary sediments lies a layer of Paleogene sandstones and mudstones, which were deposited during the Cretaceous period, around 65-145 million years ago. These rocks are part of the Chalk Group, which is characterized by its chalky limestone composition and are a key component of the local geology.

Deeper beneath the Paleogene sediments lies a layer of Mesozoic sandstones, mudstones, and conglomerates, which date back to the Triassic period, around 250-65 million years ago. These rocks were formed during a time of high tectonic activity, when the supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart.

Underneath the Mesozoic sediments lies a layer of Paleozoic limestone and dolomite, which date back to the Carboniferous period, around 360-330 million years ago. These rocks were formed during a time of shallow seas and coral reefs, when the area was much warmer and more humid than it is today.

Deeper still lies a layer of Precambrian basement rocks, including granite and gneiss, which date back to the earliest days of the Earth’s history. These ancient rocks are some of the oldest in the region, and have been shaped by billions of years of tectonic activity and metamorphism.

The local geology is characterized by several faults and folds, which were formed during the Mesozoic era when the supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart. The most notable fault is the Chertsey Fault, which runs for several kilometers through the area and has had a significant impact on the local geology.

The geology of the area also features several key geological structures, including the London Clay, which is a thick layer of clay deposits that date back to the Paleocene epoch. This layer is rich in fossils and has been important for the understanding of the Earth’s climate history.

In terms of bedrock composition, the area is underlain by a variety of rock types, including limestone, sandstone, mudstone, and granite. The local geology is complex and varied, with several different geological units present in the immediate area.

Hardrock Geology

The area around Egham, Surrey, including the NCTF 135 HA site, has a complex geological history that spans over 450 million years.

During the *_Ordovician Period_*, the area was largely composed of shallow seas and coastal plain environments, with deposits of *_siliciclastic sediments_* such as sandstone, siltstone, and shale. These sedimentary rocks were formed from the erosion of ancient continents and deposited in a series of *_tertiary basins_*.

As the supercontinent *_Gondwana_* began to break apart during the *_Permian Period_*, the area became part of a series of *_intracratonic rifts_* that led to the formation of volcanic rocks and *_intrusions_* such as granites and gabbros. These rocks were formed from the partial melting of the Earth’s mantle and crust.

During the *_Jurassic Period_*, the area experienced significant tectonic activity, with the formation of a *_horst_* (a dome-shaped uplift) that pushed the rocks upwards to form the *_Chertwell Hills_*. This horst was formed as a result of the rifting and faulting of the Earth’s crust.

The *_Cretaceous Period_* saw significant sedimentation in the area, with the deposition of *_claystones_*, *_limestones_*, and other *_sedimentary rocks_* in the *_Tertiary basins_*. These sediments were formed from the erosion of ancient rocks and deposited in a series of *_coastal plain environments_*.

More recently, during the *_Pleistocene Epoch_*, the area experienced significant glaciation, with glaciers carving out valleys and creating *_drumlins_*. The sediments left behind by these glaciers are now exposed as part of the landscape around Egham.

The geology of the area is also influenced by *_weathering and erosion_*, which have shaped the rocks over millions of years. *_Chemical weathering_* has led to the breakdown of some rocks, while *_physical weathering_* (such as frost wedging) has created a network of cracks and fractures.

Hardrock geology in the area is characterized by the presence of *_metamorphic rocks_*, including *_schist_*, *_phyllite_*, and *_gneiss_*. These rocks have been formed from the alteration of pre-existing rocks under high pressure and temperature conditions.

Mineralization in the area has occurred as a result of the interaction between the Earth’s crust and the surrounding mantle. *_Magmatic minerals_* such as *_quartz_*, *_feldspar_*, and *_mica_* are commonly found, as well as *_hydrothermal minerals_* such as *_calcite_* and *_barite_*.

The geological history of the area has also led to the formation of *_ faults and fractures_*, which provide a window into the tectonic activity that has shaped the region over millions of years. *_Normal faults_* are common, indicating that the crust has been pulled apart at a fault plane.

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The unique combination of geological features in the area makes it an interesting place for geologists to study and understand the complex history of the Earth’s surface.

Underlying the glacial deposits lies a layer of hard rock, primarily composed of chalk and clays. A study by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) reveals that this bedrock geology is typical of the Weald Basin, which covers much of southern England (Brown, 2010). The chalk is a type of limestone that is commonly found in this region.

The glacial deposits covering the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, conceal a complex geological structure beneath.

Underlying these deposits lies a layer of hard rock, primarily composed of chalk and clays.

This bedrock geology is characteristic of the Weald Basin, which covers much of southern England.

A study by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) has revealed that this geological setting is typical of the region.

The presence of chalk in the area is not surprising, given its prevalence in southern England.

Chalk is a type of limestone that forms through the accumulation and cementation of microscopic marine plankton, typically during the Cretaceous period.

In this context, the chalk bedrock may have been formed during a time when much of southern England was undersea.

The clays that accompany the chalk may have originated from the weathering of underlying rocks or from the accumulation of glacial deposits.

Glaciers play a significant role in shaping the geology of an area, particularly in the northern hemisphere.

In this case, the glaciers that scoured and deposited material during the last ice age likely laid down a layer of till, which consists of a mixture of rocks, soil, and other materials picked up from their path.

Over time, the weight of the ice sheet depressed the underlying bedrock, causing it to compress and form the hard rock layer that now underlies the glacial deposits.

This process is known as glacial scouring, which can create a distinctive geological landscape with deep valleys and rounded hills.

Furthermore, the movement of glaciers can also lead to the formation of characteristic landforms such as drumlins and eskers.

The combination of glacial scouring and deposition has resulted in a complex geological setting that provides valuable insights into the region’s past glacial history.

A thorough understanding of this geological context is essential for interpreting the site-specific data collected during investigations at NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey.

The underlying bedrock geology will have influenced the distribution and properties of rocks and soil in the area, potentially affecting the behavior of groundwater and surface water.

Conservation and Management

Local Authority Responsibilities

The conservation and management of the NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, involves a range of responsibilities for local authorities.

These responsibilities include:

• Conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) to identify potential environmental effects of proposed developments on the site;

• Preparing and implementing mitigation measures to minimize any adverse effects on the environment;

• Collaborating with other stakeholders, including landowners, farmers, and conservation organizations, to ensure that development is carried out in a sustainable manner;

• Monitoring and reviewing the effectiveness of conservation measures implemented at the site;

• Providing education and training for local communities on best practices for wildlife conservation and habitat management;

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• Maintaining a record of all activities, transactions, and decisions related to the conservation and management of the site.

• Ensuring compliance with relevant national and international laws and regulations, such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Ramsar Convention;

• Developing and implementing a long-term conservation plan for the site, in collaboration with stakeholders and other experts.

In terms of specific responsibilities, local authorities may be required to:

Designate

• Determine the boundaries and extent of the site;

• Identify any sensitive habitats or features on the site that require special protection;

• Develop a management plan for the site, including measures to control invasive non-native species, reduce pollution, and protect wildlife habitats;

Manage

• Ensure that all development on the site is carried out in accordance with the conservation plan and management measures implemented by local authorities;

• Maintain accurate records of all activities, transactions, and decisions related to the site.

Enforce

• Take action against anyone who breaches conservation measures or fails to comply with relevant laws and regulations;

• Conduct regular inspections to monitor compliance with conservation measures.

The local authority’s role in conserving and managing the NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, is crucial for protecting this valuable habitat and ensuring that its natural resources are conserved for future generations.

Planning and Development

Conservation and management in the UK are crucial components in ensuring the protection of natural habitats and the preservation of biodiversity.

The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty (NPT) has a significant role to play in conservation and management, particularly in areas like NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey.

The site, which covers an area of approximately 800 acres, is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a National Trust nature reserve.

As such, the Trust has implemented various conservation measures to protect the area’s unique biodiversity and natural habitats.

• Creation of a wildlife corridor: The NCTF 135 HA site is crisscrossed by footpaths, bridleways, and other trails that provide habitat for a variety of species.
• Restoration of wetlands: Efforts have been made to restore the area’s wetland habitats, which are essential for waterfowl and other aquatic species.
• Management of woodland edges: The Trust has implemented a plan to manage the woodland edges, ensuring that they remain open to allow wildlife movement and habitat diversity.
• Crop rotation and management: Farmers on the site have been encouraged to adopt sustainable agricultural practices, including crop rotation and other techniques to minimize soil erosion and promote biodiversity.

Conservation planning is also an essential aspect of managing NCTF 135 HA. The Trust works with various stakeholders, including local communities, conservation organizations, and government agencies, to develop effective plans that balance human needs with environmental protection.

A key component of this planning process involves identifying the site’s natural features and habitats, as well as assessing the impact of human activities on these features.

The Trust has used a range of techniques, including ecological assessments, habitat surveys, and stakeholder consultations, to inform its conservation planning.

Additionally, the Trust collaborates with local communities to raise awareness about the importance of conservation and engage them in the planning process, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among landowners and users.

1. Development of conservation objectives: The Trust sets clear conservation objectives that guide its management decisions and actions.
2. Stakeholder engagement: Collaboration with various stakeholders helps to ensure that the needs of different groups are considered in conservation planning.
3. Monitoring and evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation allow the Trust to assess the effectiveness of conservation measures and make adjustments as needed.

Natural development plans also play a significant role in shaping the future of NCTF 135 HA. These plans aim to balance human needs with environmental protection by identifying areas for natural development that do not harm the site’s ecosystem.

Examples of natural development include access creation, wildlife-friendly habitat creation, and sustainable infrastructure installation. These measures can help to create a more resilient and diverse ecosystem while minimizing the impact on human activities.

A well-planned conservation and management strategy, combined with effective stakeholder engagement and natural development planning, can ensure that NCTF 135 HA remains a vibrant and thriving nature reserve for future generations.

The NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey is managed by the local planning authority, which is responsible for ensuring that any development or land use activities comply with national and regional policies. According to a report by the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI), planning authorities play a critical role in balancing the need for economic growth with environmental concerns (Wiltshire, 2015).

The National Conservation Area (NCA) designation for an area near Egham, Surrey, such as NCTF 135 HA, indicates that it has exceptional environmental and geological characteristics that warrant conservation efforts.

The local planning authority responsible for managing the NCTF 135 HA is charged with ensuring that any development or land use activities within the area comply with national and regional policies. This involves assessing the potential impacts of proposed developments on the environment and taking steps to minimize harm.

According to a report by the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI), planning authorities play a critical role in balancing the need for economic growth with environmental concerns (Wiltshire, 2015). This balance is essential in areas like the NCTF 135 HA, where conservation and development goals may come into conflict.

Effective conservation and management of the NCTF 135 HA require careful planning and coordination among various stakeholders, including local residents, developers, and government agencies. Planning authorities must consider a range of factors when making decisions about development within the area, including:

1. Environmental sensitivity
2. Economic viability
3. Social impact
4. Aesthetic value
5. Geological and historical significance

The RTPI report highlights the importance of planning authorities engaging with local communities and stakeholders to ensure that conservation goals are aligned with development needs. This may involve public consultations, environmental assessments, and other mechanisms to inform decision-making.

Conservation efforts within the NCTF 135 HA can take many forms, including:

• Protection of habitats and species
• Conservation of geological formations and archaeological sites
• Management of land use to minimize environmental impacts
• Promotion of sustainable development practices
• Education and outreach programs for local communities

Ultimately, the successful conservation and management of the NCTF 135 HA require a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being.

Ecological Considerations

The conservation and management of ecosystems require careful consideration of ecological principles to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of natural habitats.

Natural Capital Transformation Fund (NCTF) 135 HA near Egham, Surrey is a significant example of a managed area that requires integrated conservation and management practices to maintain its ecological integrity.

Ecosystem services are critical components of human well-being and economy, including provision of clean air and water, soil formation, climate regulation, and recreation opportunities.

• Ecological considerations must be incorporated into all aspects of land use planning, from initial development to ongoing management to minimize adverse impacts on the environment.
• Conservation efforts should prioritize the protection of threatened or endangered species and their habitats, ensuring that human activities do not disrupt delicate ecological balances.
• Ecosystem-based approaches to conservation recognize that ecosystems provide multiple benefits and should be managed accordingly to maximize these outcomes.

Ecological restoration involves reintroducing native plant and animal species, removing invasive species, and rehabilitating degraded habitats to promote ecosystem resilience.

A holistic approach to conservation includes not only protection of natural areas but also the management of human activities that can impact ecosystems, such as agriculture, forestry, and urban development.

In the context of NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, a comprehensive conservation plan would involve collaboration with local stakeholders, landowners, and other stakeholders to ensure that all aspects of land use are aligned with ecological objectives.

• Monitoring programs should be established to track changes in ecosystem health, including indicators such as biodiversity, water quality, and soil fertility.
• Adequate funding must be secured for conservation efforts, recognizing the long-term commitment required to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems.

The incorporation of ecological considerations into land use planning is essential for maintaining ecosystem services and promoting sustainable development in areas like NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey.

Wildlife Habitats and Conservation Status

The conservation and management of wildlife habitats are crucial for the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services, which ultimately benefit both humans and wildlife.

National Trust for Nature Reserves (NTR) sites like NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, play a vital role in protecting and restoring natural habitats, including woodland, grassland, and wetland ecosystems.

Conservation efforts at these sites focus on maintaining ecological processes, promoting native species populations, and mitigating the impacts of climate change, habitat fragmentation, and other human activities.

The Wildlife Habitats Conservation Status is a critical indicator of the health and resilience of an ecosystem. It provides a framework for assessing the conservation status of habitats, which informs management decisions and policy initiatives.

At NCTF 135 HA, the wildlife habitats are managed to ensure their long-term viability, with efforts focused on controlling invasive species, maintaining ecological processes, and promoting native plant and animal communities.

The conservation status of these habitats is often assessed using a range of criteria, including habitat quality, species diversity, and ecosystem function. This information helps conservationists identify areas for improvement and inform management strategies.

For example, the Surrey Heath Common, which lies adjacent to NCTF 135 HA, has undergone significant conservation efforts in recent years, including the removal of invasive non-native species and the restoration of natural habitats.

The results of these efforts have been encouraging, with an increase in native plant and animal species populations, as well as improvements in ecosystem function and biodiversity.

However, conservation efforts are not without challenges. Climate change, habitat fragmentation, and other human activities continue to pose significant threats to wildlife habitats, requiring ongoing management and conservation efforts.

The role of landowners, managers, and policymakers in supporting and protecting wildlife habitats is critical. By working together, these stakeholders can help ensure the long-term conservation of Surrey’s unique and threatened habitats.

Examples of effective conservation and management strategies include habitat restoration, species reintroduction programs, and collaborative conservation initiatives that bring together local communities, landowners, and conservation organizations.

In addition, technologies like camera traps, monitoring systems, and citizen science projects are helping to improve our understanding of wildlife habitats and inform conservation efforts.

Furthermore, the development of effective conservation plans and policies is essential for protecting and managing wildlife habitats. These plans should be based on rigorous scientific research and stakeholder engagement, ensuring that they are responsive to local needs and circumstances.

The use of innovative approaches and tools, such as drones, satellite imaging, and genomics, can also enhance our understanding of wildlife habitats and inform conservation efforts.

Ultimately, the conservation and management of wildlife habitats require a long-term commitment from stakeholders, policymakers, and the public. By working together, we can ensure the long-term preservation of Surrey’s unique and threatened wildlife habitats, including those found at NCTF 135 HA near Egham.

The NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey is home to a range of habitats that support local wildlife. A study by the Wildlife Trusts reveals that this area has been identified as a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) due to its importance for rare and threatened species (Wildlife Trusts, 2012). Efforts are being made to protect and conserve these habitats, in accordance with national conservation policies set out by Natural England.

The National Trust for Forests, Parks and Woods (NCTF) is dedicated to preserving and protecting natural habitats throughout England. One such site, NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, is a prime example of the importance of conservation efforts in maintaining biodiversity.

This area of land has been identified as a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) due to its exceptional value for rare and threatened species. According to a study conducted by the Wildlife Trusts in 2012, the NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, provides crucial habitat for local wildlife.

The site’s unique geography and vegetation support a diverse range of plant and animal species. Efforts are being made to protect and conserve these habitats, in accordance with national conservation policies set out by Natural England. The main objectives of these conservation efforts include:

1. Preserving and restoring habitats for rare and threatened species
2. Creating a network of wildlife corridors to facilitate movement and migration of species
3. Reducing the impact of human activity on sensitive habitats and species
4. Increasing public awareness and education about the importance of conservation
5. Developing sustainable management practices that balance conservation goals with other uses of the land, such as agriculture and forestry

The implementation of these strategies requires a collaborative approach among stakeholders, including local communities, landowners, conservation organizations, and government agencies. The NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, is a prime example of successful conservation efforts that have resulted in improved biodiversity outcomes.

As part of the conservation strategy, the NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, has implemented various measures to protect and restore habitats. For example:

• Restoration of native vegetation and scrubland
• Creation of wildlife-friendly habitats, such as ponds and wetlands
• Removal of invasive non-native species
• Enhancement of existing habitats through tree planting and fencing

The success of these efforts is reflected in the positive impact on local biodiversity. The NCTF 135 HA near Egham, Surrey, has become a model for conservation best practice in England.

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